Corrections Trends - 1053 Words

Corrections Trend Evolution Roshanda Washington CJA/394 July 10, 2013 Tamra Washington Correction Trends Evolution Prisons are at a higher demand in this economy. As our world expands there are more crimes that are on rise and more individuals who are being sloppy and being caught for the crimes that they are committing. With more people being captured that leaves less space to house these criminals. We face more problems now than we did in the earlier years, now individuals are committing crimes just to see if they can get away with it or to try and prove a point to their friends. This paper will touch on some of the issues facing prison and prison administrators and also the roles of the alternate correction system as a†¦show more content†¦Maybe in the years to come there may be fewer prisons with overcrowding issues and less repeat offenders who are being arrested. One of the alternatives to prison is a suspended sentence. A suspended sentence is a penalty that a judge gives a defendant convicted of a crime but is not enforced by the judge if the defendant stays out of trouble for a year. This sentence is not a get out of jail free card because there is a price to pay. When a person agrees to a suspended sentence that person must vow to stay out of trouble pay probation or parole cost, do some sort of community service and visit a probation officer. If the defendant so happens to get him/herself in any trouble while on a suspended sentence his sentence will be revoked in the defendant previous sentence will be enforced. When a person is placed on probation there are strict guidelines that the person must follow if they want to be released. They must report to the officer at a scheduled time, have random house visits from the officer and also take random drug screenings. If a person for any reason fail it obey one of these commands they probation will be revoked and will have to serve the rest of their time in jail. The judge may also require that restitution or probation fees be paid. When ordered to pay restitution the payment must be paid in full or a warrant could be issued forShow MoreRelatedCorrections Trend873 Words   |  4 PagesCorrections Trend Evaluation Bebe Washington CJA/394 February 15, 2012 UOP Corrections Trend Evaluation In this paper the objectives that will be addressed are past, present and future trends of corrections. Also, analyze current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators as well as the roles and issues of alternate correction systems as a developing trend. In today’s society the jails and prison pretty much function with the same protocol. In the past the history of theRead MoreCorrections Trend Evaluation Essay1338 Words   |  6 PagesCorrections Trend Evaluation Daysha Hopkins CJA-394 May 7, 2012 Hector Garcia Ed. D Abstract Throughout the United States, there are many correctional facilities that house thousands of inmates. Individuals who work within these facilities have a tough job in maintaining the prison facility and the inmates. Correctional officers are called the front line workers and are responsible for looking after the inmates. The officers who work for the correctional facility deal with issues that mayRead MoreCorrections Current Trends846 Words   |  4 PagesCurrent trends in sentencing When it comes to prison sentencing there are a lot of trends to go from, probably the main outline you could say is the sentencing models these models are a basic outline of what’s going to happen to an offender while being sentenced. These are the six options which include: capital punishment- for like murder offenders which includes the death penalty only in some states though, imprisonment -for those who commit violent crime and so forth usually sent to state orRead MoreCorrections Trends Evaluation Paper1552 Words   |  7 PagesCorrections Trend Evaluation Carla Howard CJA 394 University of Phoenix Corrections have existed throughout society for many years and continued to change and evolve in the United States reflecting society’s values and ideals throughout the centuries. In the criminal justice system, corrections exist in more than one form. Not only do corrections refer to jails and prison systems but they also pertain to community-based programs, such as probation, parole, halfway houses, and treatmentRead MoreUsing Moving Averages in Stock Trading650 Words   |  3 Pagesdirection of the trend. There are also times when price will blast past it altogether. What some traders do is that they pop on two moving averages, and only buy or sell once price is in the middle of the space between the two moving averages. You could call this area the zone.(figure 11) In an uptrend, as with an uptrend-line, the moving average line shows more instances where the average coincided with or acted as, support and in a downtrend, similar to what happens using a down trend-line, thereRead MoreWhy The Danish Prisons System Is Better Than The American Prison System1352 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican society; as seen with the American tourists. The second source to explore is the article, To Be and Not to Be: Adaptation, Ambivalence and Ambiguity in a Danish Prison (Nielsen 135). This source is important to discuss for knowing the actual trends and reasons behind the open prison system. The author, Malene Nielsen is from the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She does not support the open prison system of the country. The article explains some of the moral complexities and logical institutionRead MoreToday s Criminal Justice Over The Past Few Decades1307 Words   |  6 PagesModern trends in criminal justice over the past few decades exhibit the need for some criminal penalties amid the extremes of imprisonment and regular probation. Usually, increases in crime have been retorted with increases in imprisonment. This has developed a counterproductive model that often lead to overcrowded prisons and jails, early release of potentially dangerous criminals, and corrections budgets that eat away state funds. In an effort to be hard on crime, many jurisdictions are makingRead MoreCorrections Paper2399 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Corrections Paper CJA/484 April 21, 2014 Stephen Rubino Corrections Paper The criminal justice system is responsible for enforcing the laws created at each level of government. A major part of enforcing the laws is detaining the people who break them. The way that an offender is punished for a crime can be different depending on age or the type of crime committed. Depending on the age of the offender they could go through the juvenile or adult corrections system. Each system hasRead MoreRehabilitation and Recidivism1436 Words   |  6 Pagesand financial burden to the general public. Continuous incarceration and deterrence proves to be increasingly costly and unrealistic. Literature Review As with other ideas, intervention, rehabilitation, and punitive methods of correction have seen its fair share of trends, trial and error. Rehabilitation was once a very hopeful method of reducing recidivism and although it has not been as successful as once thought, evidence does prove that rehabilitation and intervention does help to reduce recidivismRead MoreCorrections: From Rehabilitation to a More Punitive Model Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Sameer Noori 24 November 2014 Corrections Paper What changes led corrections away from rehabilitation and toward a more punitive model? Since World War II through the 1970s, many changes occurred in the United States correctional systems. Rehabilitation Model is a treatment program that was designed to reform the inmates. According to www.copower.org, â€Å"This model is similar to the medical model; it regards the person with a disability as in need of services from a rehabilitation professional who

Hindu Religion Free Essays

HINDU RELIGION Dennis E. Leber Axia College RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD (AXIA) HUM/130 NAOMI DOUMBIA AUG 14, 2007 The Hindu religion The Hindu religion is strongly dependent on the Hindu philosophy and in addition, has inculcated a lot of rituals and practices. The Hindu religion has 333 million gods; this is because the Hindu philosophy believes that every human being is God himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Hindu Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now This acceptance of the multiplicity of the Supreme Being in many forms is the hallmark of the Hindu religion. The Hindu religion is also very assimilative and has accepted many faiths into it. The Hindu religion also allows religious freedom and does not enforce the edicts of the religion on anyone. In fact, Hinduism teaches that a person, in order to attain liberation from the worldly bondage, must select the religion that he is comfortable in. Hence, it accepts the existence of all other religions as a means to realize God. The Hindu religion like other religions also believes in the battle between the good and the evil although at a lower level of existence. The religion preaches that man must advance himself through successive levels of knowledge in his quest for the final truth. Hence, the concept of the Devas, or the good deities and the Asuras, the demoniac characters are very important in the Hindu traditions. Many folklores revolve around the battles between the Devas and the Asuras. The important Godheads in the Hindu tradition are Brahma, Vishnu and Siva who correspond with the three ‘Gunas’ or qualities of Satva (pureness), Rajas(action), and Tamas(darkness and inactivity). Man is a mixture of the three gunas and the inherent nature of a person will depend on the predominance of the three gunas in him. The Hindu Social Life The Hindu social life is caste based, which was originally devised for the division of labor. Hence the Hindu society has the Brahmins, the highest class who performs rituals and is supposed to be the most educated in terms of religion. Then comes the Kshatriyas who are the warrior and ruling class. Following them in importance comes the Vaishyas, who are the business class. Last comes the Shudras who serve the upper class. People who do not come in these four classes were previously classified as the untouchables who had to do menial jobs in the society and were looked down upon. Women were given important position in the family even though her importance in public affairs was greatly curtailed during the later years of Hindu history The Hindu way of life has many beliefs that were perhaps a means that offered social balance in the society. For example, the norm of sacrifice and the mandatory rules on feeding others helped to provide food for the needy. Similarly, the social practices were seen as the physical manifestations of the philosophical edicts that Hinduism preached. For example the practice of sacrifice to the fire is a physical manifestation of the philosophic ritual of giving up everything for the sake of understanding the truth. Similarly, the belief that the confluence of the three rivers Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswathi is holy, is due to the Tantric belief that the meeting point of the three nerve centers in the body awakens the Kundalini, which is the seat of power in the human body. The desire for liberation from earthly existence Dharma is the duty that you have to fulfill in life through your placement. Karma states that you will reap what you sow. And the desire for liberation from earthly existence is achieved through the combination of the two aforementioned methods. Life death has a cycle. The cycle is wrought with earthly pleasures pain. Your intention is to be free from materialistic desires because they are temporary. Only the soul is eternal. So by meditating, fulfilling your duties, and by eventually ridding yourself of your karma; you are free to exist as soul and be one with the universe as opposed to continuing the cycle of birth death. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hindu drawn from Aug, 2007 Origin of Hinduism, About. com drawn from Aug 2007 How to cite Hindu Religion, Papers

International Of Construction Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Of Construction Management? Answer: Introduction Leadership refers to the process of setting a vision and direction by a leader on the path of which the team shall follow. A leader is a person who is an insightful person and believes in working together by motivating and inspiring other to work efficiently. The report provides a brief overview of leadership style inherited in CEOs of company. It also discusses about their success factors and ways in which each leader is different from other. Further the activities of three leaders explained in the analysis are, Bradford Banducci (CEO of Woolworths), Ahmed Fahour (CEO of Australian Post) and Alan Joyce (CEO of Qantas). All three leaders are highly successful in their industries and have helped their companies to reach the peak by initiating their leadership activities in business process (Clarke, 2013). Further talking about the CEO of Woolworths, Mr. Bradford Leon Banducci became the managing director and chief executive officer of Woolworths on February 26, 2016, but is serving the company since 2015. Before this, he was employed on director post in Woolworth group Liquor Company. There he served a period from 2012 to 2015. Mr. Brad actively makes use of features like flexibility, collaboration, situational etc. to initiate success of their business. Mainly they make use of Authoritarian leadership to gain competitive edge in the target market (Aydin, Sarier, Uysal, 2013). Mr. Ahmed Fahour is an Australian Lebanese business who is the former managing director and group CEO of Australian Post. He became the CEO and new MD of Australia Post in the year 2009, before that he was the CEO of National Australian bank. Mr. Fahour planned to initiate sustainable communications business with the aid of digital mailbox, so it shall be noted that he believes in managing or changing the people for a better outcome. Thus, he uses the transformational leadership style in his workings (Du, et. al., 2013). Another leader of Qantas Alan Joyce joined Qantas airlines in the year 2000 as a network and schedule planner; afterward, he became the CEO of the company Qantas in the year. Alan Joyce has been rewarded as the most influential leader by the Australian in the year 2011, which states that he is remarked as one of the best leaders present their business activities in the society. Further, Alan makes use of democratic style of leadership as he puts emphasis on initiating shared decision making and promoting the interest of union irrespective of personal gains. Further biographic details about the leaders and their leadership styles are discussed below. Point of Discussion Mr. Bradford Banducci is the chief executive officer of Australia's biggest retail store holding company Woolworths. Talking about his background, he is commonly known as Brad, and has achieved a bachelor's degree is commerce, and then is qualified LLB and they master in business administration. Before becoming the CEO at Woolworths Company in 2016, Mr. Banducci served his time period in W-store ltd. of Woolworth's group in Tanzania as a CEO only. He continuously participated in the leadership role of the company by engaging himself in Woolworths supermarkets, Metro, Digital and New Zealand supermarket businesses as well. This showed that Mr. Banducci was a keenly observant and an enthusiast person who always wanted to improve his capabilities by participating in every activity related to his job. Also, this ability of him helped him reach the position where he is standing right now (Nahavandi, 2016). Mr. Banducci also served his period as a managing director in Australian Food and L iquor of Woolworths Limited. Apart from that, he also accounted himself in the Tyro Payment ltd company as a CFO in 2005, and he spent 15 years of his professional career in Boston Consulting Group in which he served 9 years as a president there. So, with his biography, the fact is known to all that he has an adequate amount of experience in the field of leadership and he is acting standing upon his responsibility and achieving the targets confidently (Vergara, E.2014). Talking about the leadership role of Mr. Brad, it shall be noted that he is actively playing his leadership responsibilities in the organization. In context of leadership, a leader is one who knows the way, goes the way and shows the way, this fact is rightly stated by John C. Maxwell. As Mr. Banducci with his affirmative targets stated that he will change the condition of the company by unveiling long-term targets defined for the company. He aspired to increase the sale of the company 4 per cent till next. His confidences and long-term thinking skill showed his strong leadership abilities in an organization. Further the leadership style which he uses to flourish the business is authoritarian states that this type of leader believes that there should be an identified professional relationship of the company shall be maintained in the global environment. (Frankel, 2017) This leadership style shows that Mr. Banducci offers a vision to his team and then creates control in the organizati on so that efficiency in customer satisfaction level is focused. Traits which this leader possess through initiating authoritarian leadership style is that, he develops understanding about the concept, then initiate goals for the management to follow and then lastly engage all people in one way communication and initiate control so that objectives are properly achieved. Also the fact shall be noted that he is one of the factor due to which the company is gain competitive edge in the retail market (van Prooijen, de Vries, 2016). According to Australian financial review, Mr. Banducci is the right man for the working of the company and gaining the competence in the market. As it is known that Mr. Banducci believes in spreading optimum benefits to the stakeholders of the company as they provided around $ 110 million bonus to its investors previous year (Einarsen, Aasland, Skogstad, 2016). This huge amount of bonus shows that the company is already earning optimum returns that are why it is providing bonus to its employee. If talking about the success of Mr. Banducci in Woolworths. The fact shall be taken into consideration that he shaped the sales and returns of the company in initial hundred days of his term period. He improved the services received to the customers in the stores and he took the major decision changing the prices and reducing them (Mwenda, Wachira, 2015). This activity of him helped the company to gain $ 800 million for the company. So, there is no doubt that Mr. Banducci led the company app ropriately and helped them maximize their profits as well. Also by making use of authoritarian leadership style, he gained control over the company by increasing the sales margin of the company innovatively (Northouse, 2017). Ahmed Fahour Ahmed Fahour is a Lebanese Australian businessman who is the former managing director and group CEO of Australian post. Apart from that, he was the former chief executive officer of operations in national Australian bank. He is brought between successful business people who helped him to gather his knowledge in the business field. Further talking about his coalition with Australian post, Mr. Fahour joined the company in the year 2009 when he was regarded as the MD and CEO of the company. Looking at the skills of Mr. Fahour it shall be known that he possesses great leadership skill and the quality with the aid of which he gained satisfactory success in life is due to his positive response to every situation faced in life (Girma, 2016). Due to such personality qualities of Mr. Fahour, the company Australian post also gained success in the target market. Further, he was appointed as the Australian government's special envoy to the organization of Islamic cooperation in the year of 2011. Also in the year 2014, he was appointed as the chairman of Pro-Pro Packaging group and additionally in the same year he was appointed as the adjunct professor at La Trobe Business School. Apart from that, he was also appointed as a fellow of the Australian Institute of company directors and in the current he has been appointed as an officer of the order of Australia for providing distinguished services to business, especially in the postal area communication, banking and investment sector. All the above-mentioned positions are achieved by him, and it is clear to know that he has been a great leader and motivator in the environment (Clegg, 2017). Further talking about the leadership role which Mr. Fahour possesses in his business activities is Transformational leadership style. Transformational leadership refers to the style of business under which the leader finds it his duty to lead the people and make corrective changes in the organization which is required by the market. Such type of leaders does not require any type of motivation or appraisal from their team members or followers but they find it their duty to work for a better transformation. Considering the company in which Mr. Fahour is the CEO that Australian Post, the company aims to provide authentic information to its members irrespective of the criticism they receive from other people (Arnold, et. al., 2015). Similarly, the leader work in such a way that they fulfill the objectives defined in the internal management of the organization. Talking about their leadership role in the organization, with the starting of their term period, Mr. Fahour initiated "Future Rea dy" strategy in the internal process of the organization under which he implemented activities which centered the interest of customers. Apart from that he also aimed to initiate transformation in the organization by shifting the focus of the organization to not just run the business but become future ready (Jiang, et. al., 2017). Additionally talking about the success of Mr. Fahour in the organization, it shall be noted that the initial leadership trait which is showed after becoming the CEO is that he initiated the "Future Ready" program under which he possessed transformation leadership trait (Henkel, 2016). Talking about the exit of Mr. Fahour, he initiated sustained success in the organization and he also walked out by gaining $ 10.8 million packages with him, apart from that he also gained incentives in the year 2015 and 2016 (Zhao, Hwang, Lee, 2016). Also, the numeric data states that the company earned optimum bonus, apart from that they served good returns to the employees of the company as well. Being a transformational leader adequately changed the mindset of people towards different things prevailing in the market by unveiling the truth. Due to which the company earned respect and reputation in the market. So, the fact shall be noted that former CEO and MD of Australian Post Mr. Fahour adequately served their time period in the business to help it reach its peak in the market and gain competence. The decisions which the former CEO took helped the company to gain the position on which they are right now, also with the help of a great motivation leader the company gained the competence in the global market (Choi, Kim, Kang,2017). Alan Joyce Alan Joseph Joyce (June 30, 1966) is an Irish born citizen of Australia who is a businessman by profession. He is the Chief executive officer of Qantas Airlines Australia. Talking about the professional career of Alan Joyce, he initially worked at Aer Lingus for consecutive eight years which was a flag carrier for Ireland. At Aer Lingus, he worked on the position of sales, marketing and information technology, revenue management, and many more other positions. After leaving Aer Lingus he joined new defunct Ansett Australia (Tucker, 2017). Later on, Alan Joyce joined Qantas in the year 2000. He used to work in schedule planning, network planning and network strategy as a leader in both the company Qantas and Ansett Australia. Joyce was regarded as the most influential business leader in the year 2011, another honor which he received was of becoming the ambassador of Australian Indigenous Education Foundation. Apart from that, he was also certified for providing efficient and effective services in the field of aviation and many other sectors as well (Bellamy, Bellamy, 2016). The leadership role which Alan Joyce possessed in his behavior is the democratic style of leadership. The fact shall be earmarked that this style of leadership helped Alan Joyce to initiate activities in the organization through the company can achieve competence in the global market. Further, talking about the leadership style of Alan Joyce it shall be noted that he being a democratic leader believed that the decision shall be made and implemented in an organization, with the collective repose of all the members of the company. This role of the leader helped the company gain and sustainable position in the market. Apart from that Alan Joyce promoted the interest of people by practicing social equality in the management of the company. He was implemented group decision-making process in the management of the organization due to which the standing is standing on such an affirmed position right now. A democratic style leader needs to be honest and inspiring to the other team members of the company (Antonakis, 2017). Talking about the success story of Alan Joyce in Qantas Company, he adequately used the correct approach for leading the company so that they can earn optimum return for the organization. it has been noticed that the company lost its major share in the market by 6 per cent, due to which it came as an emergency for the company to regain its position in the market by modernizing and restructuring the management of the company. Further, Alan Joyce initiated the use of innovative technology in the management due to which the company somehow came back to its current position in the market (Fashola, Akanni, Ajila, 2016). Also, it shall be remarked that Alan Joyce initiated three-year transformation due to which it became difficult for other competitors to imitate them. The way through which the company gains success in the market is by understanding the actual requirement of the customer with the product and services which the company offer. Apart from that Alan Joyce's management skills helped them to initiate innovative activities with honesty and accountability, due to which the company gained the trust of people in the market showed positive growth. As stated the company reached the top position in the market with the help of its democratic leader Alan Joyce (Peter, Kalai, 2016). Comparison of leadership styles Comparing the leadership style of all the three leaders analyzed in the report, it shall be noted that all people are working well in their particular fields, which stats that the leadership style which a person shall possess in their business also depends upon the type of business. On comparing the leadership style of Brad Banducci with that of Alan Joyce, it shall be noted that both companies perform just opposite leadership styles in their business depending upon the business. Like, in retail business proper control of management and employees is required which Mr. Banducci follows but Alan Joyce initiates just opposite activities. He believes in taking collective decision with the help of team members also. Apart from that a democratic style leader needs to give equal importance to its team members whereas an authoritarian leader only focuses on the outcomes of the process, they do not believe in implementing any type of informal relationship with the management (Schaubroeck, She n, Chong, 2017). Further talking about transformation type of leadership style, under this leadership, the leader does not consider the response given by other people who present in the society just like authoritarian leadership, but its practices involve intelligent innovation strategies like democratic leadership. But this leadership does not possess strict rules on their member like authoritarian nor does it believe in considering the participation of members in company's decision-making process like democratic style leaders do. Thus, it shall be noted that different business process has their different leadership style with the implementation of which they can earn competitive edge in the market (Chawla, Sharma, 2017). Conclusion Thus, in the limelight of above mentioned events the fact shall be noted is that all types of leadership styles have their different significance in the business depending upon the type of business. Apart from that, it takes the skills and capabilities of a leader to initiate success in an organization (Antonakis, 2017). The above mentioned report discussed leadership styles and practices of three different leaders in their individual market. All three leaders have achieved competence in the market with the aid of their efficient leadership skills. Concluding to the above analysis it shall be noted that all people possess different type of skills and implement different leadership styles depending on their attitude and type of business process. Recommendation Thus, looking at the above analysis, few recommendations which can help the companies to grow in a better way are discussed below. Initially talking about the people who use the authoritarian style of leadership shall always keep in mind that they do not harm the interest of any employee in an organization. as this type of leadership states that the leader shall maintain strict control on the activities of the organization, so the leader shall somehow initiate to maintain good communication in environment, otherwise the team member will become afraid of the leader's strictness. And they shall instigate personal or informal relationship as well apart from professional relationship with employee. this process will help them to receive better efficiency in work. Secondly, it shall be recommended to the people using the transformation leadership style. People who use such type of leadership need to be creative and confident enough to initiate a new change in the organization. When a person starts new thing, many hurdles come in their way, similarly, many obstacles will come while possessing the transformational leadership style but they shall focus on their goal and shall not get distracted with the criticism. Also, such leaders shall inspire people from the excitement and creative style of doing a task. Lastly, people who use the democratic style of leadership shall not center their focus only on practicing social activities for the business. They shall consider democratic solution of the problem but they shall also look for the solution which suits the activities of the business in the best way. References Antonakis, J. (2017). The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Arnold, K. A., Connelly, C. E., Walsh, M. M., Martin Ginis, K. A. (2015). Leadership styles, emotion regulation, and burnout. Journal of occupational health psychology, 20(4), 481-490. Aydin, A., Sarier, Y., Uysal, S. (2013). The Effect of School Principals' Leadership Styles on Teachers' Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction. Educational sciences: Theory and practice, 13(2), 806-811. Bellamy, A., Bellamy, A. (2016). The Relationship Between Neurotic Leadership Styles, Transformational Leadership, Emotional Intelligence, and Worker Attitudes. European Scientific Journal, 12(22). Chawla, D., Sharma, H. (2017). Relationship between leadership styles and stress indicators of sports leaders. Choi, S. B., Kim, K., Kang, S. W. (2017). Effects of transformational and shared leadership styles on employees' perception of team effectiveness. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 45(3), 377-386. Clarke, S. (2013). Safety leadership: A meta?analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(1), 22-49. Clegg, S. R. (2017). Fatal Leadership Approaches. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A., Sen, S. (2013). The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility. Journal of business ethics, 114(1), 155-169. Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S., Skogstad, A. (2016). the nature and outcomes of destructive leadership behavior in Organizations. Risky Business: Psychological, Physical and Financial Costs of High Risk Behavior in Organizations, 323. Fashola, A. K., Akanni, A. A., Ajila, C. O. (2016). Leadership Style and Perceived Organisational Politics as Predictors of Organisational Commitment among Civil Servants in Osun State. Journal of Asian Development, 2(2), 33-47. Frankel, A., PGCMS, R. (2017). What leadership styles should senior nurses develop?. Clinical research, 4, 24. Girma, S. H. (2016). Relationship between Perceived Leadership Styles and Organizational Commitment: the Case of the African Union Commission Headquarters. Henkel, T. G. (2016). The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership Styles and University Adjunct Faculty Work Engagement. Jiang, H., Chen, Y., Sun, P., Yang, J. (2017). The Relationship between Authoritarian Leadership and Employees Deviant Workplace Behaviors: The Mediating Effects of Psychological Contract Violation and Organizational Cynicism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. Mwenda, L. K. M., Wachira, A. W. (2015). Effects of Leadership Styles on Implementation of Organization Strategic Plans in Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi. Nahavandi, A. (2016). The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Northouse, P. G. (2017). Introduction to leadership: Concepts and practice. Sage Publications. Peter, D. N., Kalai, J. M. (2016). Influence of principalstransformative corporate leadership style on teachersjob commitment in public secondary schools in athi river sub county, machakos county, kenya. African Journal of Education and Practice, 1(1), 77-100. Schaubroeck, J. M., Shen, Y., Chong, S. (2017). A dual-stage moderated mediation model linking authoritarian leadership to follower outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(2), 203. Tucker, R. (2017). Democratic Leadership Preferred by Male Student Athletes in Middle School Athletic Programs. Sport Journal. van Prooijen, J. W., de Vries, R. E. (2016). Organizational conspiracy beliefs: Implications for leadership styles and employee outcomes. Journal of business and psychology, 31(4), 479-491. Vergara, E. S. (2014). Characterization of leadership styles by analyzing social networks. Journal of Business, 6(1), 30-42. Zhao, X., Hwang, B. G., Lee, H. N. (2016). Identifying critical leadership styles of project managers for green building projects. International Journal of Construction Management, 16(2), 150-160.

William Shakespeare Essays (1375 words) - Prospero, The Tempest

William Shakespeare One may find it ridiculous to contrast between Shakespeare and existentialism in its 20th century form, however one must keep in mind, that existentialism does not appear as a single philosophical system. It is more an attitude of life, a general vision - existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre is known to have stated that existentialism was never invented, it has always existed as the ultimate foundation. Upon that light, why not seek the foundations from the work of the forefather of all dramatists? It is above all na?ve to claim Prospero's Epilogue in Shakespeare's play The Tempest a mere conventional appeal for applause or the stripping of the imaginary glamour built up by the plays magic. Even the greatest of artists would rather give away his life than surrender his art to be judged solely by the public. Art for an artistic genius is practised for its own sake; art for the purpose of art. Existence for the sake of existence itself - stripped of meaning, of value and of subjective interpretation. In its bear meaningless form, something still remains: the necessary Natural Law, a philosophical concept considered the basis of human well-being, a system of the values that determine human existence. Throughout The Tempest Prospero's character portrays an image of a nearly Nietzchean superhuman capable of disclaiming authority, killing God. He is in control of every situation and event as if the chain of causes and effects would be a conductible melody waiting for an artist's touch. On the other hand he is very human: a wronged duke and a father, a symbiosis which Shakespeare displayed with the use of Prospero's garment as a theatrical tool. An artist is the creator, the maker of realities yet he remains human, an animal with feelings and urges, ties only waiting to be cut. The view implied is not far from the ideologies that emerged from the great suffering of the second world war: a man is capable of constructing himself a framework of personal and social meaning, but his true animal nature remains unchanged. In the heart of existence, life has no predefined meaning, it is a mere passage of survival from necessary birth to necessary death. Prospero's and his daughter's situation on the island was hopeless, however Prospero had chosen a function for his life - revenge. Prospero created a meaning for his life, built a synthetic reality to keep him sane on the path towards the finality of human death. Early existentialism begins to appear. The literatory image behind The Epilogue of The Tempest greatly involves the attitude and interpretation of art. Having constructed a window or more or less a door to an imaginary world for the audience, Shakespeare has succeeded in fusing art and reality. Upon that light it is incomprehensible to assume his need to address the subjective yet neutral third party, the audience - shatter the synthetic reality. However, The Epilogue is a beautiful and humble ending to a story filled with strong magical elements - the control is given to the audience, they are given Prospero's magical garment. The passive third party is given a choice of interaction, chance to rise beyond spectatorship. An interesting aspect to The Epilogue of The Tempest is the fact that it was Shakespeare's last play - the final words of a great artist. Due to the lack of historically trustworthy biographical information of Shakespeare's character, it is difficult if not impossible to determine the effect of his life situation to the message itself. Whether justified or not, The Epilogue seems like a farewell - a humble artist handing over his life to the audience to which he has dedicated his entire life. When examining The Epilogue with the restriction of intertextuality, one is forced to focus on the character of Prospero. Why does he leave a farewell, why does he become the ultimate link from the world of the play to the world of the third party, the audience. His importance as the narrator of The Epilogue creates a third dimension to his character traits, he becomes the God-figure that seems limited to living on a island yet he can perform metaphysical leaps between dimensions. The person speaking is the author himself, for in

Free Essays on Violence Against Women

Violence against Women When is the last time you were scared of being attacked while walking through a parking lot by yourself with your mace ready in hand. Most likely if you are a female it was just the other day when you got off of work late or had to run to the store late at night for something. However if you are a man this might have never happened to you, better yet the thought of being attacked probably doesn’t occupy your mind like it does a females. The fact is males aren’t threatened nearly as much as females are on a day to day base. Being attacked is only the beginning of fear women have; domestic violence is another. Statistically speaking you probably know someone that knows someone, or know someone yourself, that has either been raped or a victim of domestic violence. If you don’t you probably will sometime in your life. Violence against women can be a controversial issue since many don’t realize what qualifies for violence against women and the reality of how s erious it is can be. The seriousness can be told by statistics alone; however there are ways to fight it and one day, hopefully, make it a lighter topic of discussion with a little effort from everyone. Violence against women can range from physical abuse, sexual assault, psychological abuse, and even economical abuse (Population Report). Some may say that these can happen to men too, so why all the commotion about it being toward women? Well the truth of the matter is ninety-nine percent of all rape cases include women as the victim according to UNLV’s Safe Team staff. That leaves only one percent of rape victims being men. If that ratio doesn’t say enough about the drastic difference in proportion, then not much will. But why are these statistics so high? According to Saint Martha’s Hall abuse is used by men in attempt to gain control over his/her partner whether it be by using fear or physical force. Some men just have a desire to control ot... Free Essays on Violence Against Women Free Essays on Violence Against Women Violence against Women When is the last time you were scared of being attacked while walking through a parking lot by yourself with your mace ready in hand. Most likely if you are a female it was just the other day when you got off of work late or had to run to the store late at night for something. However if you are a man this might have never happened to you, better yet the thought of being attacked probably doesn’t occupy your mind like it does a females. The fact is males aren’t threatened nearly as much as females are on a day to day base. Being attacked is only the beginning of fear women have; domestic violence is another. Statistically speaking you probably know someone that knows someone, or know someone yourself, that has either been raped or a victim of domestic violence. If you don’t you probably will sometime in your life. Violence against women can be a controversial issue since many don’t realize what qualifies for violence against women and the reality of how s erious it is can be. The seriousness can be told by statistics alone; however there are ways to fight it and one day, hopefully, make it a lighter topic of discussion with a little effort from everyone. Violence against women can range from physical abuse, sexual assault, psychological abuse, and even economical abuse (Population Report). Some may say that these can happen to men too, so why all the commotion about it being toward women? Well the truth of the matter is ninety-nine percent of all rape cases include women as the victim according to UNLV’s Safe Team staff. That leaves only one percent of rape victims being men. If that ratio doesn’t say enough about the drastic difference in proportion, then not much will. But why are these statistics so high? According to Saint Martha’s Hall abuse is used by men in attempt to gain control over his/her partner whether it be by using fear or physical force. Some men just have a desire to control ot...

Word Choice Disinterested vs. Uninterested

Word Choice Disinterested vs. Uninterested Word Choice: Disinterested vs. Uninterested Here at Proofed, we see plenty of linguistic mix-ups. However, few cause more confusion than â€Å"disinterested† and â€Å"uninterested.† It’s easy to understand why these words sometimes baffle even native English speakers, as they’re alike in many ways. Both are adjectives related to attention, for example, and the prefixes â€Å"dis-† and â€Å"un-† are sometimes used interchangeably. But â€Å"disinterested† and â€Å"uninterested† have importantly distinct meanings, so it’s vital to use them correctly in academic writing. Disinterested (Objective) The word â€Å"disinterested† implies freedom from bias and self-interest. When we want to take a neutral or objective attitude towards something, we would adopt a â€Å"disinterested approach†: Although he cared about the environment, as a scientist, James knew he had to address climate change disinterestedly. Uninterested (Bored) The word â€Å"uninterested,† by comparison, means â€Å"indifferent† or â€Å"bored.† Thus, if we simply have no concern for something, we are â€Å"uninterested†: Although Jane was a environmentalist, she was uninterested in the science behind climate change. The Prefixes: Dis- and Un- One way to remember the difference between these terms is to consider what the prefix at the beginning of each word means. The prefix â€Å"dis-† implies separation (e.g., disconnected, disjointed). So being â€Å"disinterested† is an attempt to look past your own interests: a deliberate attempt to adopt a neutral attitude. The prefix â€Å"un-† in this case implies a negation (e.g., unhappy, unknown). As such, being â€Å"uninterested† is the opposite of being interested: i.e., a lack of interest rather than a deliberate attempt to approach something without bias. Disinterested or Uninterested? As you can see, there’s a huge difference between the meanings of â€Å"disinterested† and â€Å"uninterested.† To make sure you use these terms correctly, remember the following: Disinterested = Neutral or unbiased Uninterested = Indifferent or bored If you can remember this, you should avoid errors in your writing. But since it’s easy to overlook these things, it never hurts to have a professional check your work. Try sending a 500-word sample to be proofread for free.

Pirates and Pointing Fingers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pirates and Pointing Fingers - Essay Example nto territorial waters were however drafted within the 20th century and must therefore be appreciated as good steps towards containing the global threat of maritime piracy. Back in 2007, Russia rose to become a pace setter in issues of maritime policy when it planted its flag within the Arctic ocean while expressing discontentment and discord in the manner maritime security has been handled over years especially within the high seas. Dodds (2011 63-73) critically analyzes the working of CCLS (Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf) as well as the various strategies that have been undertaken by coastal states towards the OCS (outer continental shelf). The study appreciated the efforts embraced by such states as Russia, Canada and Norway as well as member states to European Union on matters of controlling the maritime activity as favored by their geographic proximity to the high seas. As a discipline, political has risen to command great influence in the modern day studies as a discipline in the contemporary human society especially after the 20th century. Modernism and postmodernism have been distinctive disciplines with diversity of opinions especially in regard to human cultural diversity and the supremacy. Unlike the modernism principle that esteems ‘self’ even in matters pertaining to global effect, the postmodernism is much focused on pluralism and is much skeptical towards fundamental laws as well as the unchanging relations between individuals. Blacksell (2006, 169-171) shows that the oceans have been an integral part in human geography especially from the fact that the oceans occupy about 70% of the earth. Accordingly, he notes that even after human civilization, the better part of 20th century remained devoid of any form of control or political regulation on the oceans despite being greatly esteemed as a mode of transport. This lack of regu latory frameworks exposed sailors to greater risks from the terror groups and pirates who would not

Role of Zoos in Conservation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Role of Zoos in Conservation - Essay Example Role of Zoos in Conservation The tropical rainforests have high humidity owing to excess moisture from rainfall, heavy cloud cover and transpiration due to loss of water from leaves. Rainforests are known to generate a majority of their own rain and precipitation. For instance, the Amazon generates almost half of its own rain. Rainforests have a characteristic vegetative structure with several layers named overstory canopy, understory, shrub layer, and ground level (Butler). The canopy is the dense part of the forest consisting of a ceiling of leaves and branches of closely spaced trees. The overstory is the upper canopy about 100-130 above the floor of the forest. The understory occurs below the canopy. The shrub layer is about 5-20 feet above the forest floor and mostly consists of shrubs and tree saplings (Butler). The wildlife varies based on which level of the forest it inhabits. Tropical rainforests have extremely high biological diversity. They are extremely important, complex yet fragile ecosystems. They , especially the Amazon rainforests, are considered the lungs of the planet because they recycle most of the carbon dioxide to oxygen. A vast majority, i.e. more than half of the world’s plant, animal and insect species live in tropical rainforests. At least 80% of human’s original diet came from tropical rainforests. They provide a large number of food and medicinal products. They are extremely vital for the maintenance of normal climate as well as the biological diversity of the planet. Tropical rainforests cover only about 6% of the earth’s surface.

Competitors in the market Essay Example for Free

Competitors in the market Essay 1. Name: Stork Removals www.storkremovals.co.uk Address of Competitor: Stork Removals 15 Hazelwood Road Enfield EN1 1JG Products Offered By Competitor: Removals, Storage, Packing (full packing, part-packing and materials only service) Features of Customer Services: 0800 number, Free Insurance cover, Free Estimates, Free expert advice, Contact via telephone, fax or email. Quality of Service Offered By Competitor: Member of Road Haulage Association. A representative of Stork Removals will visit the customer at home in order to provide an accurate quotation. Stork Removals estimators visit at a time convenient to the customer, including evenings and at the weekends. Customers goods are automatically covered during loading, unloading and transportations. All staff employed by Stork Removals, are fully trained. All staffs wear the companys uniform and are easily recognisable. Stork Removals has a modern fleet of vehicles ranging from 3.5 Tonnes Luton vans to large furniture vans to cope wit any size of removals. Marketing and Promotion: Provides testimonials on their website, has name of business and contact details on their removals vehicles listed in the yellow pages with details of their services. 2. Name: Falcon Move www.falconmove.co.uk Address of Competitor: Falcon Move 135A, Town Road, London, N9 ORL Products Offered By Competitor: Removals, Storage, Light Haulage Services, Packing. Features of Customers Services: Provide consultants to work with customers to design and implement a relocation plan customized to their individual needs that is cost effective, efficient and stress free. Provide a free quotation page on their website where customers can fill in their details of what they are moving and where they want to move. The company will email the customer with an estimate. Provide an online form for customers to send a message to Falcon Move or make enquiries. Customers can contact by phone or email. Quality of Service Offered by competitors: Use state-of-the-art equipment to provide a truly exceptional service, the mission of Falcon Move, through quality, reliability, consistency of services and innovation, to achieve the goal of customer satisfaction. Aim to provide the best possible removal and storage service that ensures all customers obtain value for money. They offer full packing service with trained packers to help customers wrap and protect their precious items ready for removal. The staffs at Falcon Move have specialist knowledge to pack everything. Falcon Move uses purpose made plywood storage containers for maximum protection of customers possessions. Everything will remain safe in their warehouses because all the warehouses are under 24-hour security surveillance utilizing CCTV technology. Marketing and Promotion: Listed in the yellow pages with details of their service. 3. Name: Smart Removals www.smartremovals.com/index.htm Address of Competitor: Building 8 Argon Road London N18 3BW Products Offered By Competitor: Domestic Moves, Commercial Moves, Storage, Overseas Moves, Excess Baggage, Packing (complete or part packing) Features of Customer Service: 0800 number, free insurance cover, free no obligation quotation can be done online or over the phone, free expert advice, contact via telephone, fax or email, full range of packing options to meet customers needs, open-ended contract on storage. Quality of Service Offered by Competitor: Members of the British Association of Removers (BAR), Members of the National Guild of Removers and stores (NGRS) staff are efficient and courteous. A representative will visit the customer at home to discuss what the customer require, Office removals teams consists of experienced furniture removers and IT packers Modern 24 hour manned secure storage units Marketing and Promotion: Listed in the yellow pages with details of their service 4. Name: Easy Shift www.Easyshift.co.uk Address of Competitor: 106, Priory Rd, London, N8 7HR Products Offered By Competitor: Removals, Self- Storage, Packing Features of Customers Services: Free quotes. Either personally, over the phone or via email. Free goods in transit insurance with all work performed to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000. Easy payment methods, Contact via telephone or email, free word robe boxes for all moves, free advice, Weekend and bank holidays office relocation, boxes can be provided on a sale or return basis and any unused boxes collected on the day of moving. Customers can pack all or some of their possessions and Easy shift will part-pack on request. Open-ended contract on self storage. Quality of Service Offered by Competitor: Reliable, honest and punctual staff, Trained staff, professionally maintained and insured vehicles, wide range of packaging materials to protect customers goods whilst in transit. Flexible solutions to individual relocation requirements, provides top 10 tips on removals on their website, terms and condition are clearly stated on their website, can cater for moves of all sizes to all locations within Greater London, UK and Europe. Customers can check packaging price list on their website or ask staff to recommend how many boxes the job will require. All goods are safely stored and fully insured whilst in storage. Marketing and Promotion: Provides testimonials on their website, has name of business and contact details on their removal vehicles, listed in the yellow pages with details of their service. Part B What Falconi Removal Need to do to be more competitive: Productive/Service Storage Packing Options: Full or part packing Light Haulage Domestic Move Overseas Moves Excess Baggage Commercial Moves Easy payment methods Open-ended contract on self storage Marketing and Promotion Set up a website Put Testimonials on website contact details on their removals vehicles listed in the Yellow Pages Quality of Service A representative to visit customers homes in order to provide an accurate quotation. estimators visit at a time convenient to the customer Customers goods are automatically covered during loading Trained Staff All staffs wear the companys uniform and are easily recognisable plywood storage containers for maximum protection of customers The warehouse are under 24-hour security surveillance utilizing CCTV technology Show association that their part of Office removals teams consists of experienced furniture removers and IT packers Modern 24 hour manned secure units Customers can check packaging price list on their website or ask staff to recommend how many boxes the job will require All goods are safely stored and fully insured whilst in storage Flexible solutions to individual relocation requirements, provides top 10 tips on removals on their website. Customer Service Free Insurance cover 0800 number Free expert advice Contact via telephone, fax or email Provide consultants to work with customers to design and implement a relocation plan customized to their individual needs that is cost effective, efficient and stress free Provide a free quotation page on their website where customers can fill in their details of what they are moving and where they want to move. Free quotes Free goods in transit insurance with all work performed to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 Weekend and bank holidays office relocation Price Falconi Removals have to find this information themselves e.g. Mystery shoppers

Essay on Personal Freedom Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon essays

Search for Personal Freedom Song of Solomon      Ã‚  Ã‚   Personal freedom is the ability to ignore societal and familial influences to find the true sense of self. Individuals are truly liberated when they are physically, mentally, and spiritually free. The search for personal freedom is exemplified in Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison. The main protagonist, Milkman achieves personal freedom through attainment of knowledge, by confronting his family, and by overcoming the prejudices of society.    Knowledge is a primary factor in the attainment of personal freedom. This includes not only scholarly education but also awareness of historical heritage and familial legacy. The fact that African-Americans were held in human bondage cannot be forgotten; it has to be remembered and passed on through rememory. Moreover, literacy gives minority cultures a voice to reach out to others with encouragement and hope.    Milkman has a high school education which he took for granted. For Milkman to achieve personal freedom, he needs to search for his ancestral roots. Milkman's father, Macon Dead, Jr., denies Milkman his rememories because Macon assumes that achieving the American Dream means erasing his past. However, as stated above, Morrison believes Milkman has to remember; he has to know his past in order to know his self. His father taught him that Athe one important thing you'll ever need to know: Own things. And let the things you own own other things. Then you'll own yourself and other people too@ (Morrison 55). Macon falsely leads Milkman to believe that "You'll be free. Money is freedom Macon. The only real freedom there is" (163). Milkman buys into his father's fallacy as he too frantically searches for the gold that will s... ... personal freedom is not an easy one, but we must persevere. Milkman's realization of his personal freedom came as his life ended. We must all remember the old Chinese proverb "The longest journey begins with a single step".    WORKS CITED Carmean, Karen, Toni Morrison's World of Fiction, Troy: The Whitston Publishing Company, 1993. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Plume, Peach, Norman. Modern Novelists Toni Morrison. Ed. Norman Page. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. Storhoff, Gary. "'Anaconda Love': Parental Enmeshment in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." Style 31 No. 2 (Summer 1997). 290-309. September 18, 2001 <http.//p26688.cl.uh.edu:2071/cgi-bin/web>. Willbern, David. "Reading After Freud." Ed. G. Douglas Atkins and Laura Morrow. Contemporary Literary Theory. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989. 158-179.

Culture Shock Essay

Studying, working or living abroad can be a wonderful experience. However, this can also be an awful time in one’s life with some people finding a lot of discomfort in adapting to a new society. This impact of moving from a familiar culture to one which is unfamiliar is referred to as culture shock. It includes the different feelings and apprehension people have when learning the ways of a different society. This paper looks at this â€Å"occupational disease† as is commonly known. The term ‘culture shock’ was first used by the anthropologist Oberg back in 1960. According to Oberg, there are six main aspects of culture shock. The first is strain, an effect caused by the effort to adapt. Another aspect is a sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in relation to friends, status, profession and possessions. A third common aspect which especially affects people who relocate to a new environment without prior familiarisation with the environment’s culture and way of life is a feeling of rejection by the members of the new culture, or even rejecting the members. Confusion in roles, values and self-identity is another equally significant aspect of culture shock. A certain variety of people may experience anxiety and even disgust or anger about practices they may encounter in their new environment. Last but not least, Oberg identified â€Å"feelings of helplessness†, a case where one may be unable to cope with the new environment. Despite the many negative descriptions that Oberg gave about culture shock, in all its diverse firms, it has been acknowledged as a part of a successful process of adaptation. (Marx, 2001, 5) Culture shock has several stages and the many symptoms known usually occur after the first stage, the honeymoon stage. The honeymoon stage is an excitement stage experienced in the first few weeks of an individual’s relocation to a new environment. The honeymoon stage may last for even months, depending on certain circumstances, such as the person’s popularity. For instance, a well-known person may experience a long honeymoon stage, where he or she may be taken to the show places and given special attention. This experience may not last for long if the person is forced by circumstances to remain in the place for a long period of time. It is then that the person may start having a hostile and aggressive attitude towards the host country, and many symptoms may occur. (World wide classroom, 2008) For example, excessive concern over cleanliness, where one may find the new and strange experiences in-appropriate or plain â€Å"dirty†, especially in relation to drinking water, food and bedding. Another common symptom is a desire for dependence on long term residents of one’s own nationality. Other symptoms such as the fear of physical contact with attendants or servants, irritation over delays and other minor frustrations out of their proportion to their causes, excessive fear of being cheated, robbed or injured, great concern over minor pains and irruptions of the skin, delay and outright refusal to learn the language of the host country; and most significantly, the terrible longing to be in familiar environment, a situation where one would miss one’s relatives and friends. (World wide classroom, 2008) Everyone has been known to be affected by culture shock. Some people adapt quite easily, but others may take years to fully adapt to their new environment. It is therefore critical to understand how to deal with it. Culture shock is unavoidable, despite a person’s status or circumstances. However, various ways have been identified of minimizing it. Some of these steps include, firstly, allowing time to find out about culture shock, which may involve tasks such as reading and carrying out research about the intended place of destination, a step which encompasses learning to recognize the symptoms and their potential impact. Secondly, expecting culture shock to happen is an important step. This should be irrespective of location or distance, as culture shock is likely to occur in a neighbouring country as much as in a far country. The third step is identifying all the opportunities for building support networks with local people as soon as early as possible. Another equally important step to remember is not to give in to any stressful situation. Learning from people who have undergone similar experiences is an invaluable step as someone is able to avoid certain mistakes, hence adapting faster and easier. In some extreme cases, symptoms may persist despite a person’s coping efforts. In such situations, then one is advised to seek professional help through counselors or medical profession. It is critical to remember that reverse culture shock, a situation where the symptoms of culture shock re-occur to people when they get back home is equally normal. Most importantly, is to think about the positive aspects of culture shock; it is worthy noting that people who experience culture shock adapt better than those who do not. (Marx, 2001, 18) According to recent research, the more well-traveled and practiced at absorbing, accepting and adapting one is, the more easily one overcomes culture shock. Good adjustment to a new environment ensures that one competently performs the roles that each social context requires, thus avoiding frustrations resulting from inappropriate behaviour. (International Education, 2008) Managing culture shock is a skill which is increasingly gaining importance in almost all career fields, and can be of invaluable help to international students, job relocation and even living outside a person’s native country. Despite the many painful experiences associated with culture shock, minimizing it using the steps aforementioned can greatly assist in adapting to a new society hence maximizing one’s time and resources. Works Cited: Eickelmann C. , The International Educational Site: Studying abroad and Culture Shock. Retrieved 29 November, 2008 from: http://www. intstudy. com/articles/ec184a13. htm Marx E. (2001) Breaking through Culture Shock: What You Need to Succeed in International Business. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. World Wide Classroom. (2006) Culture Shock and the Problem of Adjustment to New Cultural environments Retrieved 29 November, 2008 from: http://www. worldwide. edu/about/index. html

Owning a Small Business Essay

1.Sole proprietorship – Provide an example of a sole proprietorship in your town or community. What might be some advantages to owning this business? What are some of the biggest challenges that the owner likely faces? †¢Subway is the business that is a sole proprietorship in my town. The advantages of owning this business would be I is a low cost to start the business up and it is continually ranked the number one Franchise. The owner likely faces running out of the topping they use to make the sandwiches with or not having enough dough for the bread. 2.Partnership – Provide an example of a partnership in your town or community. What are the advantages to this form of business organization? What might be some challenges of being a partner in a partnership? †¢Keller Williams is the business that is the partnership that is in my town. The advantages of owning a real estate business like Keller Williams would be the business could be one of the largest real estate franchise companies in the United States. The company will also keep growing with the more houses you sell and rent to people. The company also provides specialized agents in luxury homes and commercial real estate properties. Some challenges could be that your partner isn’t a good partner and hides things from you or that they just want to do things on their own and ruin the business that you guys own together. 3.Corporation – Provide an example of a corporation. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this form of business? How do the challenges compare to those of sole proprietorships and partnerships? †¢Summit Mountain is the corporation that is located in the town that I live in. The advantages of owning a business like this is that you get to live in the snow and you also get the snowboard ski and mountain bike for free. You also get the most beautiful views in Big Bear. You also get the chance to meet all kinds of people from all around the world. All the states and different cultures. The advantages of owning a business like this is that you get offered self-employment tax savings have a continuous life, limited liability, more money for investment and it also makes raising money easier. The disadvantages are extensive paperwork, double taxation, two tax returns, the size of the business, possible conflict with stockholders and board of directors. References †¢http://www.subway.com/subwayroot/Own_a_Franchise/default.aspx †¢http://www.kw.com/kw/aboutus.html †¢http://www.pe.com/local-news/local-news-headlines/20130705-big-bear-snow-summit-is-on-the-market.ece †¢http://www.legalzoom.com/incorporation-guide/reasons-to-form-corporation.html †¢http://faculty.valenciacollege.edu/srusso/ch5.htm

Cognitive Grammar - Definition and Discussion

Cognitive Grammar - Definition and Discussion Cognitive grammar is a  usage-based approach to grammar that emphasizes symbolic and semantic definitions of theoretical concepts that have traditionally been analyzed as purely syntactic.Cognitive grammar is associated with wider movements in contemporary language studies, especially cognitive linguistics  and functionalism. The term cognitive grammar was introduced by American linguist Ronald Langacker in his two-volume study Foundations of Cognitive Grammar (Stanford University Press, 1987/1991). Observations Portraying grammar as a purely formal system is not just wrong but wrong-headed. I will argue, instead, that grammar is meaningful. This is so in two respects. For one thing, the elements of grammar- like vocabulary items- have meanings in their own right. Additionally, grammar allows us to construct and symbolize the more elaborate meanings of complex expressions (like phrases, clauses, and sentences). It is thus an essential aspect of the conceptual apparatus through which we apprehend and engage the world.(Ronald W. Langacker, Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2008)Symbolic AssociationsCognitive grammar . . . chiefly departs from traditional theories of language in its contention that the way in which we produce and process language is determined not by the rules of syntax but by the symbols evoked by linguistic units. These linguistic units include morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, sentences and whole texts, all of which are deemed inherently sym bolic in nature. The way in which we join linguistic units together is also symbolic rather than rule-driven because grammar is itself meaningful   (Langacker 2008a: 4). In claiming a direct symbolic association between linguistic form (what it terms phonological structure) and semantic structure, Cognitive Grammar denies the need for an organizational system to mediate between the phonological and semantic structures (i.e. syntax).(Clara Neary, Profiling the Flight of The Windhover. (Cognitive Grammar in Literature, ed. by  Chloe Harrison et al. John Benjamins, 2014)​ Assumptions of Cognitive GrammarA Cognitive Grammar is based on the following assumptions... .:The grammar of a language is part of human cognition and interacts with other cognitive faculties, especially with perception, attention, and memory. . . .The grammar of a language reflects and presents generalizations about phenomena in the world as its speakers experience them. . . .Forms of grammar are, like lexical items, meaningful and never empty or meaningless, as often assumed in purely structural models of grammar.The grammar of a language represents the whole of a native speakers knowledge of both the lexical categories and the grammatical structures of her language.The grammar of a language is usage-based in that it provides speakers with a variety of structural options to present their view of a given scene.(G. Radden and R. Dirven, Cognitive English Grammar. John Benjamins, 2007)Langackers  Four PrinciplesA primary commitment to Cognitive Grammar is . . . to provide an optima l set of constructs for explicitly describing the linguistic structure. Its formulation has been guided throughout by a number of principles thought to be helpful in achieving such optimality. The first principle . . . is that functional considerations should inform the process from the outset and be reflected in the frameworks architecture and descriptive apparatus. Because the functions of language involve the manipulation and symbolization of conceptual structures, a second principle is the need to characterize such structures at a reasonable level of explicit detail and technical precision. To be revealing, however, descriptions must be natural and appropriate. Thus, a third principle is that language and languages have to be described in their own terms, without the imposition of artificial boundaries or Procrustean modes of analysis based on conventional wisdom. As a corollary, formalization is not to be considered an end in itself, but must rather be assessed for its utility at a given stage of an investigation. That no attempt has yet been made to formalize Cognitive Grammar reflects the judgment that the cost of the requisite simplifications and distortions would greatly outweigh any putative benefits. Finally, a fourth principle is that claims about language should be broadly compatible with secure findings of related disciplines (e.g., cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology). Nevertheless, the claims and descriptions of Cognitive Grammar are all supported by specifically linguistic considerations.(Ronald W. Langacker, Cognitive Grammar.  The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, ed. by  Dirk Geeraerts and Herbert Cuyckens. Oxford University Press, 2007)

A Holiday In Italy Essay Research Paper

A Vacation In Italy Essay, Research Paper I ve merely come back from Italy after my 12 yearss trip at that place. It was fantastic to makenew friends during traveling, plus they are nice people excessively. Ironically, Italy is an ancient state, which full of historical heritages, particularly during the Roman Empire. There were a batch of statues and pictures in galleries and museums. In Rome, there has nil but tonss of museum, galleries, churches and Roman forums. It was wash uping to go for whole twenty-four hours on pes. I walked 10 hours a twenty-four hours during in Rome. I spent three yearss at that place, walking about within the museums and galleries. Well, for two yearss my eyes had seen a batch of statues and pictures until I got tired of them. Apart from that, I went to see some of the celebrated churches in Rome, particularly San Peter Church on which was nearby Vatican City. This church is superb and good decorated with statues, pictures and carvings on the ceilings. I don t cognize how to depict it in English. But if one twenty-four hours you have the chance to see Italy in future, you will cognize how great it is. There was something raging me really much during the 2nd twenty-four hours in Rome. I was robbed by two little misss who were at their age of 15 old ages old when I came out from the station office. At first, they came to me inquiring for money by stating me that you were hungering, needed some money to purchase nutrient. I ignored them and walked off. They kept following and drawing my suit. I said I didn Ts have money to give them. Suddenly, I felt a manus fumbling in my pocket. No uncertainty, I caught her handstiffly and I found that they were stealing my money from my pocket. My money was scattered on the floor. I released my custodies to pick up all my money back and the two misss walked off as if nil happened. I chasedthem and shouted for the constabulary. But cipher bothered me. One of the misss pulled up her jumper, demoing her chests in order to halt me barricading their manner. Finally, I gave up and allow them acquire off. I was wholly devastated with this incident which happened in the beginning of the twenty-four hours. Besid es, I went to Florence, Lucca, Pisa, Verona and Vanice. In Vanice, I met an Italian gay guy offering me money to have sex withhim. This happened when I was walking along the bank. A guy started talking to me and then helping me out lots in taking pictures. He also showedme around in one of the Islands in Vanice called Lido. Apart from that, he also bought me drinks and offered to stay in his house by telling me that it was costly to stay in the hotel. So I followed him to hisstudio to have lunch with him. The studio was deserted. There was only he andI in the studio. After filling up our stomach, he started to dance and taught me how to dance. I started suspecting that he was gay as he got closed to me. Suddenly, he embraced me and telling me he loved me. I pushed him away without doubt. He begged me to take off my trousers but I refused. And then, he asked if I want money. He was offering me money to have sex with him. And i said I don t need any money. He begged meto hug him from the back. So that he could do masturbation. I did helping him doing masturbation by pretending hugging at his back. Eventually, his sperm spilt on the floor. After that, I told him that I would have to go somewhere and rang up a friend of mine to let her know that I would stay over night in his house. I pretended to be interested in staying in his house. So I asked his phone number and I said I would give him a call in the evening. But I didn t phone him at all. So Ileft Vanice without his notice. Queuing That s the ridiculous experiences I got in Italy. Anyway, I was glad to know that someone admired me. But it was a pity that it was a gay guy. In the other hand, I met some nice Argentinian and Italianduring the entirely journey. They invited me to stay in their house if I come to visit Argentina. We exchanged address and promised to write to each other. A friend of mine was Italian. I stayed few days in her friends house. Within the few days, we had had meal together. After that I had great conversation with them. I felt great because these let me know more about Italian and their cultures.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND PERSONAL MANAGEMENT Essay - 1

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND PERSONAL MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES - Essay Example Building is a form of service that is offered to the clients and the quality of the service offered depends on the ability of both the people and the organization to harmoniously work towards the attainment of the goals set by the organization. People or the organization’s human resources are a very integral part of the organization. They operate and run the machinery and carry out the roles that the machines can not do. The people are even more important when it comes to the built environment since the nature of the work is manual and the people directly offer services to the clients. People are a core resource in every organization. It is always important to fully understand these people and more so get to know how well they are able to interact with the organizational structures in totality. This is a very important aspect and highly contributes to the success of the organization. Watson, Tony J. (1994).This process of understanding the people in the organization is able to explain best the relationship that exists between the organization and its people in a building environment. Understanding the people is important as it is able to unearth the social and managerial functions that may affect the behaviour and the attitudes of the people working in the organization. This in turn may affect the performance as well as the effectiveness of the organization, Willcocks, Leslie and Jenny Harrow (1992). Understanding the people helps in exploring the on the most effective ways of improving the organizational effectiveness and performance. The principles of management are of importance to my profession because they lay the guidelines to successful management. Waterhouse, Mike and Geoff, C., (1995): The fourteen principles highlight the guidelines that managers need to follow in their actions and decision making process. These include; 1. The division of work; When people in the

Obstacles in the Facilitation of Critical Thinking in Nursing Students Dissertation

Obstacles in the Facilitation of Critical Thinking in Nursing Students in Jeddah - Dissertation Example Critical thinking has, therefore, been recommended as a professional practice for nursing profession. Nursing students need to be trained and exposed adequately to the critical thinking process as part of nursing syllabi and pedagogy. A literature review of the works in the area of critical thinking has thrown up many isssues.This paper examines: what Is critical thinking; critical thinking as needed in nursing profession; strategies to facilitate critical thinking; techniques that can be used by teachers to help the students identify and challenge their assumptions and barriers to critical thinking. This paper aso seeks to address the various obstacles to critical thinking process being faced by a population of nursing profession students at King Abul Aziz University in Jeddah. This is done by triangulation method deploying the quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis of the collected data. Quantitative data has been collected via a structured questionnaire administered to nur sing students and qualitative data is collected from smaller subgroups of both nursing students and faculty. The results of the analyses are used to form findings and recommendations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION Enhancing critical thinking amongst student nurses is a common concern of nursing education. At least one previous study is known which ventured into probing the strategies to overcome obstacles in the facilitation of critical thinking in nursing education (Mangena & Chabeli, 2005). The findings of this study indicated that there is a need for nurse educators to model critical thinking in all aspects of nursing education. Recommendations suggested an entire paradigm shift in... As the report declares critical thinking has been variedly defined as a perceptive process involving reflective, disciplined, rigorous, sequenced and structured thinking which is based on well defined intellectual tenets and which differs from common thinking process. Critical thinking is structured collation of thoughts, ideas and patterns leading to sharper conclusions and analytical abilities. Nursing profession presents innumerable situations where substantial inputs of critical thinking can make substantial differences to the outcomes. The findings of this study indicated that there is a need for nurse educators to model critical thinking in all aspects of nursing education. Recommendations suggested an entire paradigm shift in nursing education from the traditional teacher-centered methods to a more learner-centered approach that will facilitate critical thinking of student nurses. Drawing from this study this research project would test the hypothesis that a paradigm shift in nursing education from the traditional teacher-centered methods to a more learner-centered approach would facilitate critical thinking of student nurses. This would be achieved by investigation and determination of the obstacles in the facilitation of critical thinking in fourth year nursing students in Jeddah by exploring the perceptions of nurse educators and nursing students. This study will benefit the nursing students, nurse educators, and the academic institution by raising their awareness of an important issue in nursing education tha t requires further recognition.

International Relations to East Asia Research Paper

International Relations to East Asia - Research Paper Example In the 19th century, Japan decided to adopt a developmentalism ideology as a defense mechanism in the then prevailing harsh and deep rooted competition from imperial states. Japan was determined to rise economically to enable it compete comfortably among the then well established states from the western region. The process of rapid development started before world war two. However, it stagnated greatly because the war interrupted the environment for Japan to develop. After the war, Japan set out to achieve its dream of being industrialized. The Japanese government concentrated on development policies in all its endeavors. The Japanese government was prepared to take any risk as long as that risk resulted to rapid economic expansion. Dent (2008) argues that some risks involved putting on hold all other policy agendas. At that time, it did not matter, whether the policy agendas ignored concerned the environment or nature. The opinion of the public did not count in the making of vital d ecisions, but rather the government was pragmatic and concentrated on the development goals. On the contrary, big businesses, politicians, and bureaucrats dominated the race to attaining industrialization. Japan’s primary target was to join organizations of the rich countries and therefore these three pillars worked tirelessly in implementing the policies set up by the government, to favor industrialization. In Asia, Japan got industrialized first through concentrating on development goals and preferably adopted this system because it was in a rush to join the global economy (Flath, 2005). The Japanese government formulated policies that favored the big corporations. In addition, these corporations received protection and support from the government. The bureaucrats had great potential to control government projects and therefore they ensured that these corporations thrived under all costs. In most cases, the government allowed the bureaucrat hierarchy to have more powers tha n the politicians. These bureaucrats formed a hierarchy in The Ministry of Finance and Ministry of International Trade and Industry. Members of the civil society did not participate in policymaking. Concentration on big corporations left out small and medium industries. The bureaucrats exerted great influence on the entire process of policymaking in Japan reaching a point whereby they acquired a dominant position. Despite Diet, the legislative body according the dominating power to cabinet, strategies from the bureaucrats overpowered the cabinet (Dent, 2008). It is through this system that the Japanese government rose to participate in the global economy. Japan gained entry into the Group 8 organization of rich countries (G8) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Since the Japanese government chose to ignore all other policy agendas as they rose to the level of global economy, the great economic achievement brought about increased environmental pollut ion. The public condemned the companies that contributed to the highest level of pollution. In the process of industrialization, the government ignored the voice of the public. The big corporations that the government supported were under no obligation to take moral responsibility in protection of the environment. The public suffered terrible effects of the pollution. There was increased emergence of unknown diseases in the society because of pollution. These were the worst risks the government

How leaders enlist and enable others to act

How leaders enlist and enable others to act Leadership is a relationship between those who aspire to lead and those who choose to follow (Kouzes et al., 2007). Leaders must master the dynamics of this relationship. They must learn how to mobilize others to want to struggle for shared aspirations. This means that leaders need to acquire the understanding, skills, and experience to collaborate successfully. Within this context, leaders move away from being the sole decision maker to involving others such as staff, and community members in the decision making process. I have looked deeply into the leader-constituent relationship. Through case analyses, books and journal articles, I have discovered that leaders at all levels follow rather similar paths as they guide others along pioneering journeys. By these studies, I was able to identify one of the most important practices common to most leadership achievements that is enabling others to act. This practice has stood the test of time, and it is available to anyone, in any organization or situation, who accepts the leadership challenge. This essay discusses the broader study that focused on collaboration in order to contextualize and highlight the findings related to the affective elements of collaborative leadership. The essay examines how the leader supports collaboration in their organisation to enlist and enable others to act and analyses the emotional competencies involved in. Finally, consideration is given to how leaders might be supported in the development and acquisition of the key skills required for affective leadership in their organisation. This essay also highlights the data related to how the leaders support collaboration. It specifically describes the perceptions that leaders and other stakeholders had regarding the role of the leader in fostering collaboration. The essay includes the description of behaviours exhibited by leaders and perceived by participants in the study as supporting collaboration. The purpose of the essay is to analyse these collaborative behaviours in terms of their emotional component. It is important to note that the goal of this study was not to examine emotional competencies of leadership. Data related to the affective domain of leaders work emerged as significant findings of the research question. Enlist others in a common vision by appealing to shared aspirations Motivation is what drives individuals to work in the way they do to fulfill goals, needs or expectations. These are numerous, varied and changing. (Bush, T. et al, p237) People can imagine an exciting, highly attractive future for their organization. Leaders may be driven by their clear image of possibility and what their organization could become. In this case, leaders passionately believe that they can make a difference. They create the way that no one else has ever produced. They uplift peoples spirits with an ennobling perspective about why they should strive to be better than they are today. This means that to create an organised movement as well as significant change, leaders need to enlist others. They also must appeal a shared aspiration because people will not follow until the vision is accepted as their own. Leaders must speak others language to enlist them in a vision. Leaders not only understand peoples needs but also have their interests at heart when they are to sign up for journeys into the future. Leaders breathe life into visions through vivid language and an effective style. Their own enthusiasm and excitement are contagious and spread from the leader to constituents. Their belief in and enthusiasm for the vision are the sparks that ignite the flame of inspiration. (Kouzes et al. 2007, p. 16-18) Breath life into your vision and align your dream with the peoples dream According to Kouzes et al. (2007) and Hallinger et al. (2002), people desire to do something that can make a profound difference to the future of their families, friends, and communities and their life as well. Therefore, leaders not only show the directions and set the standards but also effectively communicate a vision. Visions are about our strong desire such as ideals, hopes, dreams and aspirations to achieve something great. In communicating shared visions, leaders need to make them meaningful by awakening dreams, breathing life into them, and arousing the belief that they can get extraordinary things done before bringing these visions into the conversation. In order to make their visions become true, leaders need to keep people focused and excited about the meaning and significance of their work. Leaders have to animate the vision and make manifest the purpose so that others can see it, hear it and feel it. It is not leaders dream alone but is the peoples vision. Hall (2002) shows that they need to show how their individual and collective efforts could make a positive difference and make sure that each team member could repeat the vision not just by rote but also from the heart. This would enable them to realize these aspirations and make all people have the power within themselves to accomplish whatever they desire. Expand your communication and expressiveness skills to animate the vision Kouzes et al. (2007), Shriberg et al. (2005), Green (2000) and Ginsberg et al. (2003) show that to enlist others and arouse them to go decisively forward, leaders not only appeal to their ideas, animate the vision and breathe life into it but also help them understand how their own interests and dreams are aligned with the vision. The constituents will become internally motivated to commit their individual energies to its realisation if leaders recognise that their enthusiasm and expressiveness are indispensable factors in their efforts to generate commitment in their constituents. People always desire to work more effectively and find out the fastest way to achieve their common goals but it will be very difficult if the visions are not images in their mind. Therefore, to enlist others and inspire a shared vision, leaders must be able to paint word pictures that best portray the meaning of their vision and that others get a natural mental image of what things will be like in the future. To find the ways of giving expression to their collective hopes for the future, leaders face some challenges. Firstly, extraordinary things are often very difficult to get for leaders and their constituents. They may be dispirited while facing these difficulties. In this situation, leaders must recognise that their constituents look for them to demonstrate an enthusiastic and genuine belief in their capacity and supply the means to achieve and express optimism for the future to remain passionate despite obstacles. These mean that their vital tasks are to foster team spirit, breed optimism, promote resilience as well as renew faith and confidence. Thus, leaders must look the situation at the bright side and keep hope alive. They must strengthen their constituents belief that lifes struggle will produce a more promising future. (Kouzes et al. 2007, p. 147) Secondly, in mobilizing people to struggle for shared aspirations, their intensive enthusiasm is required to generate. Consequently, leaders are responsible for the energy of authentic excitement in their organization. They need to add more emotion by using all means of verbal and nonverbal expression to their words and their behavior to communicate with their constituents because it really makes their messages to be more memorable. In addition, the prerequisite to enlisting others in a shared vision is genuineness. The first place to look before taking to others about the vision of the future is in your heart (Kouzes et al., 2007, p. 151). If the vision is not leaders or they do not believe in what they are saying, it will be very difficult for them to enlist the others. As Staler (2005) point out, people identified specific communicative behaviours that the leader demonstrates which can support collaboration in the organisation. However, they felt that listening and openness are particularly important in providing support. Inherently, such behaviour is emotional work. Openness is related to the honest sharing and disclosure of information, both personal and professional. Similarly, Kouzes and Posner (1999) indicate that in order to become fully trusted, we must be open. Furthermore, when the leader takes the risk of being open, others are more likely to take a similar risk, thereby building interpersonal trust. The ability of the leader to foster such a safe environment, to promote and exemplify such a learning model is, in part, an emotional capacity. Foster collaboration by building trust and facilitating relationships In todays virtual organisations, cooperation can not be restricted to a small group of loyalists. It must include peers, managers, customers and clients, supplies, citizens. All those have a stake in the vision. (Kouzes et al., 2007, p. 20). Leaders have to know that to produce the good results people must feel a sense of personal power and ownership. Instead of the command and the control techniques of traditional management, the new effective way to enable others to act is to make people feel strong, capable, and committed by giving the power away. Show trust to build trust Need for trust working together, as Mayer, R. C. (1995) said, often involves interdependence, and people must therefore depend on others in various ways to accomplish their personal and organisational goals. The development of mutual trust provides one mechanism for enabling employees to work together more effectively. The emergence of self-directed teams and a reliance on empowered workers greatly increase the importance of the concept of trust (Golembiewski McConkie, 1975; Larson LaFasto, 1989). In the use of self-directed teams, trust must take the place of supervision because direct observation of employees becomes impractical. Further, a clear understanding of trust and its causes can facilitate cohesion and collaboration between people by building trust through means other than interpersonal similarity. According to Kouzes et al. (2007) and Grint (2003), trust must be at the heart of collaboration. Leaders have to be trust others if they want others to trust them. They can not lead without trust. Therefore, to create a climate of trust, leaders need to be the first to trust by being the first to open up, to show vulnerability and to let go of control. Self-confident and self-disclosure are also required to build interpersonal trust. Moreover, Dinham (2007) point out that leaders must understand that besides sharing information and resources to foster collaboration they need to care for others needs and interests that play a key ingredient to build the team around common purpose and mutual respect. They understand that mutual respect is what sustains extraordinary efforts. If leadership is built on trust and confidence, people will take risks to make changes and movements alive. Leaders have the most significant impact on their organisation, promote cooperative goals and build trust by engaging in frequent conversation. It is impossible for leaders to take their people or their organisation to the next level without meaningful, frequent, and consistent communication. Huber (2002) reveal that a collaborative environment leads to greater satisfaction of individuals within the organisation, and therefore enhances their performance. Yet a collaborative environment does not just emerge because one declares there will now be collaboration. It takes a great deal of trust and respect for this type of synergy to occur. A leader builds this trust by asking and utilizing others input, considering alternative perspectives, allowing others to make decisions, and communicating, communicating, communicating. When employees feel that they are trusted, they will become trustworthy. On the contrary, when individuals feel that they are not trusted, they will exhibit behaviors creating a toxic environment. In the book the Leadership Challenge, Kouzes and Posner point out that trust is the most significant predictor of individuals satisfaction with their organisation. Highly effective leaders recognise that it is not important for them to be right, but rather to listen, take advice, lose arguments, and in some cases follow. Through these behaviors trust is built and performance is maximized. Get people interacting to facilitate relationship The most genuine way to demonstrate your care and interest in others is to engage them in conversation. Frequent conversations build trust while learning about anothers values, interests, concerns, and desires. People do not perform at their greatest levels when in isolation. Shribersg et al. (2005) argue that it is important that an organization provides opportunities to interact whether it is though social events, common meeting spaces, or regular staff meetings. Some leaders may see frequent social opportunities as wasteful or non-productive; the reality is an organization cannot develop shared priorities or reach common goals if there are not opportunities to interact both personally and professionally. In addition, Kouzes and Posner (2007) and Shriberg et al. (2005) showed that a sense of interdependent community in which everyone coordinate their efforts and need the others to be successful is one of the most crucial components to cooperation and collaboration. To bind others into cooperative efforts, a specific reason for being together must be provided by sharing and developing cooperative goals. It is also necessary for leaders to establish and keep the norms of reciprocity and fairness in their mind to improve relationship and decrease stress while working together. While people keeping the common goal in their mind, leaders need to help them to understand that they can not achieve the group outcomes unless they all play successfully their individual parts. People need to know that the long-term benefits of common group are more significant than the short-term benefits of working alone. There are many things that no one can gain on their own, but they can easily accomplish by working together. Moreover, Kouzes et al. (2007) pointed out that: group goals, reciprocity, and promoting joint efforts are all essential for collaboration to occur, but what is critical is positive face-to-face interaction. Nowadays, with the great help from technology people have many ways to connect with the others such as the emails, instant messages, and video conferences. However, the most effective interaction to build trust and promote teamwork is face-to-face conversation frequently. Durable and regular interactions between people make them always remember about how they have treated and have been treated by others. This helps them to have positive feelings on the rest of their group, which may be a solid foundation for success. Some people claim that face-to-face connection takes considerable amount of time, but despite this disadvantage, leaders need to make it one of their leadership imperatives because of the effectiveness it brings to them. Strengthen others by increasing self-determination and developing competence To allow people to feel more powerful and ultimately be more productive, it is critical to increase their ability to influence. This may be done through increasing their signature authority, reducing unnecessary approval steps, eliminating rules when possible, and assigning non-routine jobs. Unfortunately, in many organizations employees are charged with tremendous amounts of responsibility yet are not able to influence their environment to efficiently and effectively get the job done well. Employees must feel that they have the freedom to move around freely and maneuver resources necessary to accomplish an assigned task. (Jill Tomac) Creating a climate in which people are involved and feel important is at the heart of strengthening others. Leaders must make sure that everyone involve in all the group work. They need to listen to the opinions of others carefully and then help them to build up their capabilities as well as update their own information and perspective. When people are trusted and have more discretion, more authority, and more information, they are much more likely to use their energies to produce extraordinary results. (Kouzes et al., p. 21) Moreover, one key to success is that in order to gain respect leaders must also show respect for others. Jill Tomac shows that leaders are those individuals who are not widely known; they have very little interest in placing themselves in the forefront but are quite happy having their successors in the spotlight. In effect, these leaders create stars all around them, allowing others the glory. As a result, each member of the organization is performing at his/her maximum potential and bringing the organisation to new levels of achievement. Leaders recognise the importance of empowering others, through sharing information and assigning responsibility while enforcing accountability. A leaders ability to understand and appreciate others perspectives can be the critical distinguishing factor between a success and failure. Leaders who prefer to work by themselves and do not engage or believe in those around them have great difficulty achieving their goals. They have a tendency to share power and provide choice; allowing others the latitude to make choices and take responsibility. Of course, i t is valuable to provide the expectations, parameters, direction, and skill building needed to be successful. However, beyond that people must feel that they have the respect and trust of their superiors to get the job done. Effective leaders use their power in service to others through strengthening and supporting them. In effect, leaders turn subordinates into leaders themselves enabling people to consider variables, make choices, and act on their own initiative. As Kouzes and Posner state Leaders strengthen others when they give their power away, when they make it possible for constituents to exercise choice and discretion, when they develop competence to excel, when they assign critical tasks, and when they offer visible support. Increase individual accountability to enhance self-determination To help people increase accountability and then enhance self-determination, leaders need to act by following a scientific process. Firstly, as Riley et al. (2003) said, people can not finish their work as their group desire and can not make a difference if they have no freedom of choice about what they do as well as the way that they think fit. Thus, leaders need to help them to recognise their abilities and assign them to roles that they are comfortable by listening to their ideas and suggestions. By this way, every group member can bring value to the whole team and be responsible for their work Secondly, leaders must design work proactively to allow others discretion and choice. It means that people must have the latitude in decisions what they desire and believe should be done in their own creative and flexible ways. By this way, leaders can empower and strengthen others to do their best. Thirdly, personal accountability is a critical factor of collaboration. It seems to be a contradiction between cooperation and personal accountability as some peoples opinions. They argue that they will take less responsibility for their action while working collectively because others do their parts of work for them. Although they have a point in thinking that, their opinions are not true. This is because the team do not accept the slackers unless they increase their own responsibility. People are forced powerfully to do well by the expectations of the rest of their group. Therefore, by promoting collaboration, leaders simultaneously increase individual accountability. (Kouzes et al. 2007). Offer training support to develop competence Leithwood et al. (2003) indicate that when increasing the authority and influence a person has within the organization, it is critical for people to develop the needed skills and knowledge to perform effectively. It is foolish to ask people to begin making decisions or take actions that they have never been assigned before without preparing them to be successful. Through training, coaching, and mentoring staff, they will not only increase their abilities but also their interest and dedication to their work. (Jill Tomac) Valuing people means not only listening to what they have to say or contribute, but taking their input and using it to solve problems or make decisions. To value the contribution of other people, the leader supports the collaborative process by focusing on the interdependent nature of their work (Staler, 2005). However, as noted by Beatty (2000a), and the studies of Blase and Blase (2000), leaders may feel concerned about losing control while letting go of control. Therefore, they need to understand about shared responsibility. Advocacy for collaboration includes the promotion of beliefs, goals, and information about the value of collaboration. A principal advocates for collaboration by conveying the ongoing visible endorsement of, and participation, in collaborative activities (Leonard and Leonard 2001). As previously mentioned, when principals model collaboration they build credibility, because their actions are consistent with their words or they do what they say they will do. However, to set an example, principals need to be clear about their values and beliefs; they must know what they stand for. According to Kouzes and Posner (1999) thats the say part. Advocacy then might take the form of conveying information on the attributes and goals of collaboration or describing the decision making model for implementation. People say that the leaders advocacy for collaboration helps to support the process are in accordance with Gerbers view (1991: 48), that effective advocacy puts collaboration on the launching pad for take-off in the school. Goleman (1998) introduced the term emotional competency to describe learned, job-related capabilities or skills that individuals develop based upon their emotional intelligence. As Goleman (1995) identified, five domains of emotional intelligence are self-awareness, managing emotions, motivating oneself, empathy, and adeptness in relationships. People agreed that in collaboration, workplace skills related to emotional intelligence are required leadership competencies. Staler (2005) show that to understand others, leaders need to actively listen to their ideas and sympathise with their feelings, perspectives and concerns. In other word, the artful skill of understanding another persons perspective depends upon a communication skill such as emotional competencies. Emotional self-awareness that is also identified to relate to competencies is a crucial skills in collaboration. According to Goleman (1998), people who know their emotions engage in accurate self-assessment, and have a strong sense of their own self-worth. Having the courage to speak out is an emotional competency based on self-confidence. The development of self-awareness meant discovering their own voice and coming to their own sense of power. It also means that in a collaborative situation people need to recognise the strengths that they bring to the group (Slater, 2005). In addition, Options, latitude, and accountability fuel peoples sense of power and control over their lives. Yet as necessary as enhancing self-determination is, it is insufficient. Without the knowledge, skills, information, and resources to do a job expertly, without feeling competent to skillfully execute the choices that it requires, people feel overwhelmed and disable. (Kouzes et al. 2007). Without education, training and coaching to develop their skills, people may not know how to exercise their knowledge to operate their critical tasks because they are scared of making mistake. Therefore, leaders not only increase the latitude and discretion of their constituents but they also need to raise expenditures on training. This means that the group members need be understood and then to receive training in both basic and expert skills and problem-solving techniques. These investments will develop peoples competences and foster their confidence. They may be more qualified, more capable and more effective in taking their part of common work. Basing on understanding how the contextual factors of others jobs perform to designed their works to help them know what is expected of them is another important way that leaders can strengthen their constituents. Thus, leaders must to: provide sufficient training and technical support so that people can complete their assignments successfully. Enrich their responsibilities so that they experience variety in their task assignments and opportunities to make meaningful decisions about how their work gets accomplished. Create occasions for them to network with others in the organisation. Involve them in programmes, meetings, and decisions that have a direct impact on their job performance. (Kouzes et al. 2007, p. 264) Conduct coaching conversations to foster self-confidence As Kouzes et al. (2007) said, without adequate self-confident, people can not convince to take challenges. They will feel powerless to make choices and to face opposition because they do not believe in their skills as well as they are not sure to make decisions. The lack of self-confident also leads to the lack of self-determination. Therefore, fostering the confidence for people to accomplish their tasks is critical in the process of strengthening others. Similarly, Gold (1998) and Northouse (2010) point out that leaders must take a careful look at what people are doing and communicate to them that they can be successful if they persevere in their works. It is true that by helping people learn from their skills and experiences, leaders act as coaches. If coaching occurs regularly, people will become more capable because of being encouraged to broaden their skills and experiences. Jill Tomac indicates that to foster self-confidence, leaders create stars all around them. Rather than shine the spotlight on themselves, they sing the praises of others. Effective leaders need to find out what others doing well, then thank them for their contribution, and finally sharing it with others. CONCLUSION Evidences in this essay reveal the need for leaders to enlist and enable others to act in the process of collaboration. To this end, leaders need appropriate professional development of the fundamental abilities that are required in facilitating groups, reaching consensus as well as team building. In this way, leaders must develop new skills, behaviours, and essential knowledge. Firstly, to enlist others, leaders breathe life in to the shared vision that is meaningful to them. They make people feel proud to be a part of extraordinary common work. Secondly, to foster collaboration, leaders must create a climate of trust and facilitate effective relationship by getting people interacting. They must develop cooperative goals to make senses of collective purpose. Thirdly, to strengthen others, leaders have to extend power and responsibility to them. They develop others competence and confidence as well as enhance self- determination by offer training and coaching support. Accordingly, this essay has explored a crucial practice of leaders that is to enable others to act, in which collaboration is the central component. Understanding and managing the emotional aspects of the collaborative process is a challenge for leaders who wish to work in collaborative ways. The success of collaborative reform efforts and the improvement of organization performance rely on the leaders skilful implementation of the collaborative process. Consequently, further studies that examine the emotions of leadership would enhance our understanding of how leaders competencies in the affective domain can be used to build the capacity for leading in the modern time.